You look for network traffic. You might not be able to see inside the packets, but you can know when they're sending packets, and how many. As far as I know, voice assistant systems that claim to use a secondary local circuit to detect calls are telling the truth.
Does it? The 'anything goes on the high seas' system has led to anarchy and piracy. I don't know if Iran's approach is the solution, but there needs to be some regulation.
International law is whatever countries agree to. There was a notion that primary schools aren't legitimate missile targets, until, suddenly, they were. This is similar.
Chinese is the most popular 'foreign' cuisine in India, and some popular 'Chinese' dishes were actually developed by Chinese merchants living in India.
Also Southeast Asia has a lot of Indian influence, except Vietnam, so that's a bit wierd.
You can't do a PhD without an advisor. It is possible that the advisor doesn't care, and signs off on everything their students write, but an advisor has to exist, at least on paper.
My understanding is that Chinese companies have been able to replicate EUV lithography by either using particle accelerators or layering DUV. But the former requires a lot of electricity, and the latter has poor quality and reliability. But with falling electricity prices and fusion reactors around the corner, who knows?
If you don't want all-out war, it's a good idea to announce your attacks so the other side (1) doesn't over-react, and (2) pays attention the next time you make a threat. Usually the downside is that the other side might use this information to try to stop you. But at this point Iran has pretty much total control of the Persian Gulf, so that's not a huge risk.
You look for network traffic. You might not be able to see inside the packets, but you can know when they're sending packets, and how many. As far as I know, voice assistant systems that claim to use a secondary local circuit to detect calls are telling the truth.