Seems like this question screams for pictorial examples, otherwise this is all just a bunch of nonsense words to people without Art History degrees. To that end, I present (in no particular order), a series of images which I find aesthetically pleasing. I do not know if they are emblematic of any particular movement, but I just think they look neat, and that's enough.
Judith I by Gustav Klimt. Probably he is best known for his later work, The Kiss, but this features the beginnings of the opulent detail that he would continue to develop over time.
The Peacock Skirt by August Beardsley. I love how he plays with negative space. Large swaths of his illustrations are intentionally blank, in either pure white or pure black, but these expanses of nothingness exist next to incredibly fine detail work. I find the juxtaposition appealing.
Stephen Gammell's illustrations for Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark. It was a close call between this and the illustrations of Edward Gorey, but Gammell wins out for how striking his work is. I reckon some of these images are irrevocably ingrained in the brains of folks of a certain age. I know they are in mine. I especially appreciate his penchant for having streaky, inky bits trailing off of his subjects. In contrast to the controlled precision of Beardsley, the free-flowing sketchiness of parts of Gammell's illustrations is also impactful.
Since I brought him up, an example of Edward Gorey's work.
Also, just for funsies, since I'm talking about illustrations which accompany texts, a special mention for the illustrations of Gustave Dore. In particular, his visualizations which accompany Dante's Inferno may as well be canon.
Paradiso, Canto 34
Recently, I've been learning about the history of Tibet and the Himalayan region, ostensibly for DnD purposes, but also because it's an area of the world that I simply know almost nothing about. In doing so, I've come across the work of Nicholas Roerich, who was a Russian painter who traveled Central Asia extensively in the 20's and 30's. I find his color choices to be incredibly evocative, even if he is often unconcerned with realism or detail. Here's a link to a gallery with a collection of his paintings. Some of these remind me of concept art for Tatooine or Jodorowsky's Dune.
Rocks of Ladakh
Dorje, The Daring One
Speaking of concept art for Star Wars and Dune, I'll round this out by saying I've always loved classic science fiction and fantasy art. John Howe, Frank Frazetta, Ralph McQuarrie, and countless others all deserve a mention, but I'm running late for a volleyball game as I type this so I have to make it snappy. As a stand-in for all of the talented artists who contributed to the aesthetics of genre fiction over the decades, I'll nominate Jean Giraud (aka Moebius) as my aesthetic champion of choice.
Now, it's been a long time since I read the book, and I've never delved anywhere beyond the original novel, so treat this accordingly, but I think completely writing off the "science" of Dune is doing it a minor disservice. However, I'll grant you that it isn't "hard" sci-fi as that genre might typically be defined, either. Rather, the sciences that Herbert applied to his space opera were the social sciences, e.g. geography, sociology, history, and political science. I recall frequent digressions in the text talking about the ecology of Arrakis and how that has influenced interstellar politics, the most prominent example of this of course being the spice melange. Heck, the Liet-Kynes character was explicitly an Imperial Planetologist stationed there to learn about the Arrakis environment.
In fact, while checking my memory against the wiki article to make sure I wasn't forgetting something, I saw this quote, which succinctly sums up my argument here: "the attention to ecology is hard, the anthropology and the psychic abilities are soft".
All of which is to say, I agree with your main point: different stories require different approaches to scientific faithfulness. I liked all of the hard science of The Martian because, despite the fictional premise of an astronaut being stranded on Mars, I would largely expect an astronaut in that situation to think in terms of physics and biology and so on. I do not feel similarly about Han Solo. Right or wrong, I feel like authors with rigidly-held ideas about the value of hard vs soft science fiction tend to be insufferable pedants, and they write accordingly.