The Either monad (also known as Result) provides Go-like error handling, but automated. You only check manually for errors after the last call, the monad handles the process.
But this is just one example of a monad, there are many more.
The GUI apps do (depends on your DE). Terminal apps like nano are designed to work without fancy desktop stuff, like Polkit. Any sort of graphical text editor should prompt you for your password.
systemctl still asks for a password, though. Because it's systemd, and it's part of everything.
I’m not sure how common this is, and I probably need to delve into the literature a bit, but we typically learn that our language has a simple 3-“tense” system (past/present/future). Aside from some obvious exceptions such as a periphrastic past habitual, periphrastic conditional (contrafactual) form, two imperatives and some compounds using the passive participle, I’ve noticed myself using the past and future purely aspectually, such as with present time descriptors.
EDIT: I have since learned that the so-called "future" form is generally interpreted as doing double duty as future and general "modal" (except for the specific cases covered by the conditional and past habitual form). So it really is a future tense, but also used for any kind of modal purpose (intent/command/goal/…), so my aspectual analysis might not be entirely accurate.
We also have historical present (but it’s not good literary style) and whatever the future equivalent of that is named.
Tibetan Buddhism with Chinese characteristics