C++ is a hat on a hat on a hat kind of language. It tries to be low level but does so many things. Learn the rule of five and that'll get you most of the way there.
This article does a very bad job of explaining the algorithm. It's both overly complicated and not sufficient. It doesn't explain how the index and codepoint turn into the string, it just gives an example.
What makes it particularly elegant is that it does this without any shared state between encoder and decoder. The adaptation is purely a deterministic function of the encoded data itself
Also known as the only way such a thing can work...
4G is gigabit the problem is the users don't exist in a void where they have their own cell tower and also don't all have expensive devices and also radio interference exists cause of the sun, etc. Same with WiFi.
Big diamonds are actually rare. Still inflated.